In the academic journal, Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, “The relationship between bullying and animal abuse behaviors in adolescents: The importance of witnessing animal abuse”, Eleonara Gullone and Nerida Robertson breakdown how animal abuse has a correlation between bullying behavior that then leads to domestic violence. Both authors contributed to make this point to the audience by including statistics. Overall they discuss that “animal abuse and bullying behaviors are not uncommon adolescent behaviors, and they appear to be more common among youth who witness animal abuse”(Gullone and Robertson 377).

In the scholarly article, “Adulthood Animal Abuse Among Men Arrested for Domestic Violence”, Jenniimaria Febres and Hope Bras articulate on the connection between animal abuse and domestic violence “A great deal of research suggests an association between aggression perpetrated against non-human animals and against humans”(Febres 1060). Febres and Bras speak on how “criminals that have been guilty of domestic violence have significantly higher levels of childhood animal cruelty”(Febres and Bras 1061).

In the academic journal, Journal of Interpersonal violence, “The Relationship of Animal Abuse to Violence and Other Forms of Antisocial Behavior”, Arnold Arluke, Jack Levin, Carter Luke and Frank Ascione have researched the topic on how animal abuse has a relationship with violence. Arluke, Levin, Luke, and Ascione have found “strong associations between aggressive behavior and animal abuse”(Arluke 965). Overall, the authors created experiments where they investigated “official records of criminality in a sample of animal abusers who had come to the attention of the Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (MSPCA)”(Arluke 966).

In the scholarly article, “Pets in Danger: Exploring the link between domestic violence and animal abuse”, Michelle Newberry has gathered research about how domestic violence and animal abuse are connected. In the article, Newberry used old studies from adult victims that have experienced domestic violence within the past twelve months and had an animal companion. Besides using studies, she also used anonymous stories of animal abuse that were obtained from online discussion forums “where victims voluntarily shared their experience”(Newberry 1). Overall, Newberry gathered a lot of information from studies and stories.

Author and Audience

In the academic journal, Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology,“The relationship between bullying and animal abuse behaviors in adolescents: The importance of witnessing animal abuse” the authors were Eleonara Gullone and Nerida Robertson. Eleonara Gullone and Nerida Robertson are students at Monash University, School of Psychology, Psychiatry and Psychological and published the journal together. The audience of this is primarily parents who have children. This journal’s audience is primarily towards parents because in the journal the authors are mostly referring to “the child’s parent”.

In the scholarly article, “Adulthood Animal Abuse Among Men Arrested for Domestic Violence” it consisted of multiple authors including Jeniimarie Febres, a doctoral student in clinical psychology at the University of Tennessee, Hope Brasfield, a doctoral student in clinical psychology at the university of Tennessee, Ryan C. Shorey, assistant professor of psychology at the university of Ohio, Joanna Elmquist, a graduate student in clinical psychology at the university of Tennessee, Andrew Ninnemann, project coordinator of the Family Violence Research Lab at Butler Hospital in Providence, Yael C. Schonbrun, an assistant professor of psychiatry and human behavior in the Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Jeff R. Temple, an assistant professor and director of Behavioral Health and Research in the Department of Ob/Gyn at University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB) Health, Patricia R. Recupero,a clinical professor of psychiatry at the Alpert Medical School of Brown University, and Gregory L. Stuart, is a professor in the Department of Psychology at the University of Tennessee–Knoxville. The audience of this article is primarily psychologists, and the audience is most likely directed towards psychologists because in this article the authors repeatedly called out psychologists and how the data that they have researched is important towards them.

In the academic journal, Journal of Interpersonal violence, “The Relationship of Animal Abuse to Violence and Other Forms of Antisocial Behavior” the authors are Arnold Arluke, a professor of sociology at Northeastern University and a senior fellow at Tufts Center for Animals and Public Policy, Jack Levin, Professor of Sociology at Northeastern University, Carter Luke, vice president of humane services for the Massachusetts SPCA, and Frank Ascione,a professor of psychology and adjunct professor of family and human development at Utah State University. The audience of the academic journal is mostly researchers and psychologists. The audience is primarily researchers who are concerned about kids being antisocial.

In the scholarly article, “Pets in Danger: Exploring the link between domestic violence and animal abuse” the author is Michelle Newberry, a professor at Senior Lecturer in Forensic Psychology, Department of Psychology, Sociology and Politics, Sheffield Hallam University.

The audience of this article is primarily people who are concerned about animals being hurt and the amount of pets being hurt. The audience is most likely there for answers on why pets are being hurt so much.

Purpose

In the academic journal, Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, “The relationship between bullying and animal abuse behaviors in adolescents: The importance of witnessing animal abuse”, Eleonara Gullone and Nerida Robertson wrote this journal to demonstrate how children who once in their life that have hurt animals are most likely to grow up and become a bully in their elementary school. Both authors demonstrated by including an experiment and having statistics. Their experiment included “two manifestations of adolescent aggressive behaviours: animal abuse and bullying. Our aim was to examine whether the two can be predicted by the same variables”(Gullone and Robertson 372). Overall, the purpose of this journal was to show that children bullying does have a correlation with animal abuse.

In the scholarly article, “Adulthood Animal Abuse Among Men Arrested for Domestic Violence”, Jenniimaria Febres and Hope Bras verbalize how men who have been arrested for domestic violence have commited animal abuse as well. The authors also found that “More recently, research has also begun to examine the relation between animal abuse committed as an adult and aggression against humans, including intimate partners, in a study of more than 3,000 women residing in 11 metropolitan cities in the United States who survived an attempted intimate homicide and proxies for women who were murdered by their intimate partners”(Febres 1060). Overall the authors found research to show that men who have been arrested for domestic violence have also committed animal abuse.

In the academic journal, Journal of Interpersonal violence, “The Relationship of Animal Abuse to Violence and Other Forms of Antisocial Behavior”, Arnold Arluke, Jack Levin, Carter Luke and Frank Ascione speak on how children that show antisocial behavior have also witnessed animal abuse. The purpose of this journal was to show that animal abuse can affect people that witness it. 

In the scholarly article, “Pets in Danger: Exploring the link between domestic violence and animal abuse”, Michelle Newberry writes this article to spread the word that pets are being hurt by their pet owners, and this is having a connection with the pet owners committing domestic violence. 

Rhetorical Situation 

In the academic journal, Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, “The relationship between bullying and animal abuse behaviors in adolescents: The importance of witnessing animal abuse” the rhetorical situation is that the authors, Eleonara Gullone and Nerida wanted to persuade parents into reading the article by including statistics about children and how they become bullies later on in life if they have hurt an animal.

In the scholarly article, “Adulthood Animal Abuse Among Men Arrested for Domestic Violence”, the rhetorical situation is that Jenniimaria Febres and Hope Bras hope to persuade the audience that men arrested for domestic violence have committed domestic violence because they had also committed animal abuse. The authors try to persuade the audience by including statistics of the study that was created, “The first aim of this study was to examine the prevalence and frequency of adulthood animal abuse perpetration among men court-referred to BIPs. Results (presented in Table 1) indicate that 41% (n = 125/307) of the sample reported committing at least one act of animal abuse since the age of 18”(Febres 1064).

In the academic journal, Journal of Interpersonal violence, “The Relationship of Animal Abuse to Violence and Other Forms of Antisocial Behavior”, the rhetorical situation used by Arnold Arluke, Jack Levin, Carter Luke and Frank Ascione was to inform the audience of antisocial behavior within children. The authors inform the audience by including stories of how most children that have antisocial behavior have witnessed someone abusing an animal.

In the scholarly article, “Pets in Danger: Exploring the link between domestic violence and animal abuse”, Michelle Newberry informs the audience that pets are being harmed by pet owners and that it is leading to domestic violence. Newberry informs the audience by including research into her article and analyzing stories. “Investigators independently analyzed the 74 stories using thematic analysis (Braun & Clarke, 2006). This was considered the most appropriate method of analysis as the research sought to describe and interpret DV victims’ stories of animal abuse”.(Newberry 1). Newberry includes this quote to show that she gathered enough evidence to inform us that domestic violence and animal abuse have a correlation.

Language and Tone

In all four articles they all share a similar tone and language. The authors in all four passages wrote in English language and wrote in formal writing throughout their writings.

The tone of their writing is factual and formal because they were really interested in their topic and researched a lot with all the evidence they found.

Genre and Medium

“The relationship between bullying and animal abuse behaviors in adolescents: The importance of witnessing animal abuse” was written as a academic journal and it delivers information by using statistics.

“Adulthood Animal Abuse Among Men Arrested for Domestic Violence” was written as a scholarly article, and it delivers information by including stories and statistics.

“The Relationship of Animal Abuse to Violence and Other Forms of Antisocial Behavior” was written as an academic journal and delivered the information by researching studies that were made about children who have antisocial behavior.

“Pets in Danger: Exploring the link between domestic violence and animal abuse” was written as a scholarly article and delivered the information by analyzing stories of domestic violence.

Stance

All four writings shared the same stance, and all authors had the same stance that domestic violence and animal abuse have a correlation and relationship. In all four writings all the authors agreed that if animal abuse has been witnessed or done then it will lead to domestic violence late on in their life.

Works Cited

Arluke, Levin, and Carter Luke. “The relationship of Animal Abuse to Violence and other Forms of Antisocial Behavior”. 1 September 1999,  

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/088626099014009004. Accessed 2 March 2020.

Febres, Brasfield, Shorey, Elmquist , Ninnemann , Schonbrun, Temple, Recupero, and Gregory L. Stuart. “Adulthood Animal Abuse Among Men Arrested for Domestic Violence”, 30 April 2012, https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/107780121454964. Accessed 2 March 2020.

Gullone, and Nerita Robertson. “The relationship between bullying and animal abuse behaviors in adolescents: The importance of witnessing animal abuse”, October 2008, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0193397308000518. Accessed 2 March 2020.

Newberry, Michelle. “Pets in danger: Exploring the link between domestic violence and animal abuse. Aggression and Violent Behavior”, 2006,https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/content/playContent/1-s2.0-S1359178916302002?returnurl=null&referrer=null. Accessed 2 March 2020.